Sampling techniques applied to anomalous events detection

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia InformáticaNowadays, one of the major worries about a network is security. Since the network has become the big platform it is, the number of attacks or attempts to steal information or just harm someone or something is getting bigger to handle or harder to find. Sampling techniques help to solve these problems as they are used to reduce the scope of the analysis, as well as the resources needed to perform it. By using sample techniques to search and find the attacks in the network traffic it will become easier to detect attacks and keep the network secure. As will be seen in the following sections, joining sampling and security is not an easy task to do. Questions such as, what are the best techniques to be used, what are the best methods to be implemented, are inevitable when using sampling. However, sampling can bring more advantages than disadvantages. Besides that, depending on the chosen measurement method, sampling technique or algorithm performed to analyse the samples, the results can change a lot according to the target for the technique. To achieve results for evaluation, a Network-based Intrusion Detection System (NIDS) will be used to identify anomalous events present in the samples.Hoje em dia, uma das maiores preocupações com uma rede é a segurança. Como a rede se tornou a grande plataforma que é, o número de ataques ou tentativas de roubar informações ou apenas prejudicar alguém ou algo está cada vez maior ou mais difícil de encontrar. As téc nicas de amostragem ajudam a resolver esses problemas visto que são utilizadas para reduzir o escopo da análise assim como os recursos necessários para realizar a mesma. Usando técnicas de amostra para procurar e localizar os ataques no tráfego da rede, facilita prevenir ataques e manter a rede segura. Como será constatado nas próximas secções, juntar amostragem e segurança não é uma tarefa fácil. Questões como, quais são as melhores técnicas a serem utilizadas, quais os melhores métodos a serem implementados, são inevitáveis aquando da utilização de amostragem. Contudo, amostragem pode trazer mais vantagens do que desvan tagens. Além disso, dependendo do método de medição escolhido, técnica de amostragem ou algoritmo usado para analisar as amostras, os resultados podem variar muito consoante o alvo da técnica. Para alcançar resultados para avaliação vai ser utilizado um Network-based Intrusion Detection System (NIDS) de forma a identificar os eventos anómalos presentes nas amostragens

Brazilian Flora 2020: Leveraging the power of a collaborative scientific network

International audienceThe shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora

Characterisation of microbial attack on archaeological bone

As part of an EU funded project to investigate the factors influencing bone preservation in the archaeological record, more than 250 bones from 41 archaeological sites in five countries spanning four climatic regions were studied for diagenetic alteration. Sites were selected to cover a range of environmental conditions and archaeological contexts. Microscopic and physical (mercury intrusion porosimetry) analyses of these bones revealed that the majority (68%) had suffered microbial attack. Furthermore, significant differences were found between animal and human bone in both the state of preservation and the type of microbial attack present. These differences in preservation might result from differences in early taphonomy of the bones. © 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved